Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are rare in children, and histologically and genetically similar to extragonadal tumors [1], whereas in adolescents they reveal genetic and clinical patterns similar to the disease in adults. These differences have led to TGCT being classified as type I for children with yolk sac tumor (YST) and/or teratoma (T) or type II for adolescents and young men with other, pure or mixed, sub entities [2]. In a previous Italian study [3], 36 TGCT patients (≤16 years old) underwent surgery, with or without radiotherapy and carboplatin-based chemotherapy (CT).

Radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiotherapy (RT) represent the main treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer (CaP) [1]. RT is also used in the adjuvant setting for patients with pT3 CaP or positive surgical margins, and as salvage treatment for biochemical failure after RP. As treatments become more effective, the increase in survivorship has led to the observation of second primary malignancies (SPMs) in cancer survivors. Radiation is believed to contribute to development of SPMs, and studies have shown relationships between radiation, urothelial dysplasia, and DNA damage [2,3].

The incidence of small renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing and cases are frequently often detected incidentally due to the widespread use of abdominal imaging technologies [1]. For small local cortical renal masses, partial nephrectomy (PN) is the preferred surgical treatment, as it provides an equivalent oncological outcome and superior renal function preservation compared to radical nephrectomy (RN) [2,3].