Alpha methylacyl A coenzyme racemase (AMACR) has shown to be an excellent immunohistological biomarker for prostate cancer (CaP). Given the connection between prostate and urethra, we hypothesized that semen ejaculate would be an ideal specimen for detection of CaP specific biomarkers, such as AMACR. This study explores the detection of semen AMACR protein in men with and without CaP.

Bladder cancer is the ninth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, with the highest incidence rates observed in North America and Europe [1]. At the time of diagnosis, approximately 75% of bladder cancers are nonmuscle invasive, 50% of which are high-grade [2,3]. Progression rates of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) range from 10% to 30% at 5years [3]. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for high-grade tumors; however, patients who fail BCG immunotherapy are at the highest risk of disease progression and may benefit from early radical cystectomy [4].

As society at large begins to better recognize and understand gender dysphoria and the social and psychological issues surrounding transgender patients, we anticipate that more transgender individuals will feel comfortable in seeking urologic care. Urologists need to be better educated about social, behavioral, physiological, and anatomical issues that face transgender patients. Though estimation is difficult, attempts have been made to quantify the number of transgender persons currently in the United States.